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Space may be the final frontier for natural gas demand Methane in the Form of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Will Power the Next Generation of Rockets SpaceX: Starship; Blue Origin: New Glenn; United Launch Aliance: Vulcan; Ariane: Prometheus; iSpace*: Hyperbola2; Energomash: Soyuz 7 aka Amur *Chinese commercial space firm Knowing that methane (liquified natural gas-LNG) will fuel most next generation rockets, the natural questions to ask are: how much methane and how will it be sourced?
To help answer these questions, let's start by looking at how SpaceX plans to
use methane to fuel Starship, its next generation rocket.
How Much Fuel in the Form of Methane Will the Starship Use? Our analysis indicates that a fully configured Starship launch (booster and Starship) will use about a 1000 tonnes of methane in the form of LNG as fuel. This is equivalent to approximately 50 million standard cubic feet (mmscf) of methane. In addition, each such launch will also use nearly 4000 tonnes of liguid oxygen. According to Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch, Elon Musk, in response to questions during a Twitter interview, indicated "that the spacecraft is being designed with the plan of flying it for an average of three flights per day, each carrying over 100 tons of payload per flight, for a total of more than 1,000 flights per year, per vehicle." Mr. Musk also stated in the same interview that he is working towards having a fleet of 1000 such spacecraft by the end of this decade. The spacecraft referenced in the quote is the Starship currently undergoing development and testing at SpaceX's Boca Chica, TX facility. This works out to be about 150 mmscfd per Starship, or about 150 billion cubic feet of methane/natural gas per day (bcfd) for a fleet of 1000 rockets. 150 bcfd of natural gas is roughly equivalent to 25 million barrels a day of oil. For reference, recent (2019) US demand for methane in the form of natural gas averaged about 82 bcfd. In essence, Mr. Musk is suggesting that US demand for natural gas could grow dramatically over the next 10 or so years due to SpaceX activity.
===========================================================================================================================================================How Will The Methane Be Sourced for Starship? Information related to supplying methane fuel for the Starship fleet: Potential approaches include buying natural gas on the open market, supplying from SpaceX owned/operated oil and gas wells or manufacturing methane using a methanation process, such as the Sabatier process. No, You Don’t Have To Worry About Emissions From SpaceX’s Mars Rocket The author of the article posits that SpaceX can launch its Starship fleet in a carbon neutral fashion using Direct Air Capture (DAC) of CO2 and conversion of that CO2 to methane. To perform the methanation of CO2 into a rocket fuel will require at least three steps, with DAC being the first step of the process and likely have a large, dedicated plant for that purpose. The second step is to manufacture the hydrogen required, which will also likely require a large dedicated plant. And in the final step, a third plant that houses the Sabatier conversion process, which combines the CO2 and H2 into methane, will likely be required. At this time, we envision each of these plants being of similiar scale and cost.Elon Musk: SpaceX is starting a program to take CO2 out of atmosphere to turn into Starship rocket fuel Per the linked twitter submission, Mr. Musk has announced a program, under the sponsorship of SpaceX, of turning "CO2 into rocket fuel". The following commentary documents the likely techonological path and energy costs of doing just that.
Power Usage
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The Sabatier Process: Conversion of CO2 and H2 into methane (CH4) and water (H2O)
Schematic of Methane production system for a Single SpaceX Starship over a
period of two years, at about 150 tonnes of methane per year.
Sourced from marspedia.org. Michel Lamontage created
this file.
https://marspedia.org/User:Michel_Lamontagne
Source: https://marspedia.org/Sabatier/Water_Electrolysis_Process ; https://marspedia.org/File:Propellant_production.png#filelinks
Based on the information in the flow chart presented above, we estimate that it takes about 8.1 kWh per kg of methane to drive a Sabatier process. Two items of note: First, this energy is over and above the heat energy released by the Sabatier process, which is exothermic. Second, the above information upon which this energy cost is based is for a relatively small Sabatier plant. Larger, continuously operated plants may realize economies of scale and operational efficiencies, but it is unclear at this time if that will be the case and, if so, what the impact might be, so until new information becomes available, we will use 8.1 kWh per kg.
Energy Cost of CO2 Methanation Process
The chemical formulation for the
methanation of CO2 is:
CO2+4H2==>CH4+2H2O
Our estimate of the associated
energy reqirements to supply the components and drive the process are:
1.9kWh/kg CO2 to source CO2 via DAC + 40kWh/kg H2 to source H2 via electrolysis ==> 8.1kWh/kg
methane
to run Sabatier process to convert CO2 & H2 into CH4
Working through the mole/mass math, we estimate it takes a total of around 33 kWh per kg of methane to manufacture the fuel via direct air capture of CO2, electrolysis of hydrogen, and the Sabatier process. This works out to be approximately 99,000,000 kWh per day of energy for the manufacture of methane to support one Starship with a launch cadence of 3 launches per day. For reference, the average US home uses about 30 kWh per day. Note: most analysts use 50 kWh/kg for hydrogen electrolysis, but we believe advancing technology will likely improve the efficiency of the process to close to the theoretical limit, which is a little over 39 kWh per kg of hydrogen produced. Of course, if those gains do not materialize, the full cycle power cost of CO2 methanation will be higher. Also note, this assessment does not include the energy cost for the provision of liquid oxygen, nor the energy required to cool the methane into its rocket ready, liquid form.